2.Processes & Concurrency

Thread execution, shared process resources, scheduling, stacks, TLS, and synchronization.

Process address spaces, credentials, file descriptors, parent/child lifecycle, signals, and scheduling.

Process/thread lifecycle, scheduling, context switching, states, resources, synchronization, and IPC.

Core IPC mechanisms: shared memory, pipes, FIFOs, message queues, signals, semaphores, and sockets, with their trade-offs.

Critical sections, mutual exclusion, ordering, semaphores, mutexes, condition variables, and classic synchronization problems.

Deadlock conditions, prevention, avoidance, detection, recovery, and practical lock-ordering strategies.

The relationship between programs, processes, threads, and user-space tasks, including address spaces, scheduling, isolation, and context-switch costs.