1. 6.4 Compare-and-Set (CAS)historical

    Atomic compare-and-set as a read-modify-write primitive, retry loops, contention, ABA, and when lock-free does not mean contention-free.

  2. Java Atomic Variableshistorical

    AtomicInteger/Long/Reference, CAS-based read-modify-write, accumulators/adders, atomic references, memory semantics, and contention trade-offs.